Artificial Intelligence and Information Manipulation: Challenges and Opportunities

Published alongside the 2025 AI Action Summit, this joint report represents an unusually broad coalition of institutional voices on the intersection of artificial intelligence and information manipulation. VIGINUM leads the analysis, with contributions from the EEAS, Sweden's Psychological Defence Agency, Canada's Rapid Response Mechanism, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and the fact-checking organisations Full Fact and Lupa. The result is a document that spans detection, analysis, and societal resilience — and that reflects the genuine diversity of institutional perspectives now engaged with AI-enabled FIMI.

The report is most useful as a snapshot of where practitioner consensus stood at the beginning of 2025: which AI-enabled manipulation techniques were considered operationally significant, which countermeasures were judged effective, and where analytical and policy gaps remained. The multi-contributor format inevitably produces some unevenness, but it also makes the document a reliable indicator of shared professional concern rather than a single institution's framing. For analysts tracking the evolution of AI's role in the information environment, this report marks a useful baseline for the generative AI era.